12 Overloading [over]

12.8 User-defined literals [over.literal]

literal-operator-id:
operator string-literal identifier
operator user-defined-string-literal
1
#
The string-literal or user-defined-string-literal in a literal-operator-id shall have no encoding-prefix and shall contain no characters other than the implicit terminating '\0'.
Some literal suffix identifiers are reserved for future standardization; see [usrlit.suffix].
A declaration whose literal-operator-id uses such a literal suffix identifier is ill-formed, no diagnostic required.
2
#
A declaration whose declarator-id is a literal-operator-id shall be a declaration of a namespace-scope function or function template (it could be a friend function ([class.friend])), an explicit instantiation or specialization of a function template, or a using-declaration.
A function declared with a literal-operator-id is a literal operator.
A function template declared with a literal-operator-id is a literal operator template.
3
#
The declaration of a literal operator shall have a parameter-declaration-clause equivalent to one of the following:
const char*
unsigned long long int
long double
char
wchar_t
char8_t
char16_t
char32_t
const char*, std::size_t
const wchar_t*, std::size_t
const char8_t*, std::size_t
const char16_t*, std::size_t
const char32_t*, std::size_t
If a parameter has a default argument ([dcl.fct.default]), the program is ill-formed.
4
#
A raw literal operator is a literal operator with a single parameter whose type is const char*.
5
#
A numeric literal operator template is a literal operator template whose template-parameter-list has a single template-parameter that is a non-type template parameter pack ([temp.variadic]) with element type char.
A string literal operator template is a literal operator template whose template-parameter-list comprises a single non-type template-parameter of class type.
The declaration of a literal operator template shall have an empty parameter-declaration-clause and shall declare either a numeric literal operator template or a string literal operator template.
6
#
Literal operators and literal operator templates shall not have C language linkage.
7
#
[Note
:
Literal operators and literal operator templates are usually invoked implicitly through user-defined literals ([lex.ext]).
However, except for the constraints described above, they are ordinary namespace-scope functions and function templates.
In particular, they are looked up like ordinary functions and function templates and they follow the same overload resolution rules.
Also, they can be declared inline or constexpr, they may have internal, module, or external linkage, they can be called explicitly, their addresses can be taken, etc.
— end note
]
8
#
[Example
: 
void operator "" _km(long double);                  // OK
string operator "" _i18n(const char*, std::size_t); // OK
template <char...> double operator "" _\u03C0();    // OK: UCN for lowercase pi
float operator ""_e(const char*);                   // OK
float operator ""E(const char*);                    // error: reserved literal suffix ([usrlit.suffix], [lex.ext])
double operator""_Bq(long double);                  // OK: does not use the reserved identifier _­Bq ([lex.name])
double operator"" _Bq(long double);                 // uses the reserved identifier _­Bq ([lex.name])
float operator " " B(const char*);                  // error: non-empty string-literal
string operator "" 5X(const char*, std::size_t);    // error: invalid literal suffix identifier
double operator "" _miles(double);                  // error: invalid parameter-declaration-clause
template <char...> int operator "" _j(const char*); // error: invalid parameter-declaration-clause
extern "C" void operator "" _m(long double);        // error: C language linkage
— end example
]