17 Language support library [support]

17.2 Common definitions [support.types]

17.2.1 Header <cstddef> synopsis [cstddef.syn]

namespace std {
  using ptrdiff_t = see below;
  using size_t = see below;
  using max_align_t = see below;
  using nullptr_t = decltype(nullptr);

  enum class byte : unsigned char {};

  // [support.types.byteops], byte type operations
  template<class IntType>
    constexpr byte& operator<<=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template<class IntType>
    constexpr byte operator<<(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template<class IntType>
    constexpr byte& operator>>=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template<class IntType>
    constexpr byte operator>>(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator|=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator|(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator&=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator&(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator^=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator^(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator~(byte b) noexcept;
  template<class IntType>
    constexpr IntType to_integer(byte b) noexcept;
}

#define NULL see below
#define offsetof(P, D) see below

The contents and meaning of the header <cstddef> are the same as the C standard library header <stddef.h>, except that it does not declare the type wchar_t, that it also declares the type byte and its associated operations ([support.types.byteops]), and as noted in [support.types.nullptr] and [support.types.layout].

17.2.2 Header <cstdlib> synopsis [cstdlib.syn]

namespace std {
  using size_t = see below;
  using div_t = see below;
  using ldiv_t = see below;
  using lldiv_t = see below;
}

#define NULL see below
#define EXIT_FAILURE see below
#define EXIT_SUCCESS see below
#define RAND_MAX see below
#define MB_CUR_MAX see below

namespace std {
  // Exposition-only function type aliases
  extern "C" using c-atexit-handler = void();                        // exposition only
  extern "C++" using atexit-handler = void();                        // exposition only
  extern "C" using c-compare-pred = int(const void*, const void*);   // exposition only
  extern "C++" using compare-pred = int(const void*, const void*);   // exposition only

  // [support.start.term], start and termination
  [[noreturn]] void abort() noexcept;
  int atexit(c-atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int atexit(atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int at_quick_exit(c-atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int at_quick_exit(atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void exit(int status);
  [[noreturn]] void _Exit(int status) noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void quick_exit(int status) noexcept;

  char* getenv(const char* name);
  int system(const char* string);

  // [c.malloc], C library memory allocation
  void* aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);
  void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
  void free(void* ptr);
  void* malloc(size_t size);
  void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);

  double atof(const char* nptr);
  int atoi(const char* nptr);
  long int atol(const char* nptr);
  long long int atoll(const char* nptr);
  double strtod(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  float strtof(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  long double strtold(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  long int strtol(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  long long int strtoll(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long int strtoul(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long long int strtoull(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);

  // [c.mb.wcs], multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions
  int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
  int mbtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n);
  int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
  size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* pwcs, const char* s, size_t n);
  size_t wcstombs(char* s, const wchar_t* pwcs, size_t n);

  // [alg.c.library], C standard library algorithms
  void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
                c-compare-pred* compar);
  void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
                compare-pred* compar);
  void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, c-compare-pred* compar);
  void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, compare-pred* compar);

  // [c.math.rand], low-quality random number generation
  int rand();
  void srand(unsigned int seed);

  // [c.math.abs], absolute values
  int abs(int j);
  long int abs(long int j);
  long long int abs(long long int j);
  float abs(float j);
  double abs(double j);
  long double abs(long double j);

  long int labs(long int j);
  long long int llabs(long long int j);

  div_t div(int numer, int denom);
  ldiv_t div(long int numer, long int denom);                   // see [library.c]
  lldiv_t div(long long int numer, long long int denom);        // see [library.c]
  ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom);
  lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom);
}

The contents and meaning of the header <cstdlib> are the same as the C standard library header <stdlib.h>, except that it does not declare the type wchar_t, and except as noted in [support.types.nullptr], [support.types.layout], [support.start.term], [c.malloc], [c.mb.wcs], [alg.c.library], [c.math.rand], and [c.math.abs].

[Note

Several functions have additional overloads in this document, but they have the same behavior as in the C standard library .

— end note

]

17.2.3 Null pointers [support.types.nullptr]

The type nullptr_t is a synonym for the type of a nullptr expression, and it has the characteristics described in [basic.fundamental] and [conv.ptr].

[Note

Although nullptr's address cannot be taken, the address of another nullptr_t object that is an lvalue can be taken.

— end note

]

The macro NULL is an implementation-defined null pointer constant.182

17.2.4 Sizes, alignments, and offsets [support.types.layout]

The macro offsetof(type, member-designator) has the same semantics as the corresponding macro in the C standard library header <stddef.h>, but accepts a restricted set of type arguments in this document.

Use of the offsetof macro with a type other than a standard-layout class ([class.prop]) is conditionally-supported.183

The expression offsetof(type, member-designator) is never type-dependent and it is value-dependent if and only if type is dependent.

The result of applying the offsetof macro to a static data member or a function member is undefined.

No operation invoked by the offsetof macro shall throw an exception and noexcept(offsetof(type, member-designator)) shall be true.

The type ptrdiff_t is an implementation-defined signed integer type that can hold the difference of two subscripts in an array object, as described in [expr.add].

The type size_t is an implementation-defined unsigned integer type that is large enough to contain the size in bytes of any object ([expr.sizeof]).

[Note

It is recommended that implementations choose types for ptrdiff_t and size_t whose integer conversion ranks are no greater than that of signed long int unless a larger size is necessary to contain all the possible values.

— end note

]

The type max_align_t is a trivial standard-layout type whose alignment requirement is at least as great as that of every scalar type, and whose alignment requirement is supported in every context ([basic.align]).

17.2.5 byte type operations [support.types.byteops]

🔗

template<class IntType>
  constexpr byte& operator<<=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;

Constraints: is_integral_v<IntType> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to: return b = b << shift;

🔗

template<class IntType>
  constexpr byte operator<<(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;

Constraints: is_integral_v<IntType> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned int>(b) << shift);

🔗

template<class IntType>
  constexpr byte& operator>>=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;

Constraints: is_integral_v<IntType> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to: return b = b >> shift;

🔗

template<class IntType>
  constexpr byte operator>>(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;

Constraints: is_integral_v<IntType> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned int>(b) >> shift);

🔗

constexpr byte& operator|=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return l = l | r;

🔗

constexpr byte operator|(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned int>(l) | static_cast<unsigned int>(r));

🔗

constexpr byte& operator&=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return l = l & r;

🔗

constexpr byte operator&(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned int>(l) & static_cast<unsigned int>(r));

🔗

constexpr byte& operator^=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return l = l ^ r;

🔗

constexpr byte operator^(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned int>(l) ^ static_cast<unsigned int>(r));

🔗

constexpr byte operator~(byte b) noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to:

return static_cast<byte>(~static_cast<unsigned int>(b));

🔗

template<class IntType>
  constexpr IntType to_integer(byte b) noexcept;

Constraints: is_integral_v<IntType> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to: return static_cast<IntType>(b);