11 Classes [class]

11.1 Preamble [class.pre]

1
#
A class is a type.
Its name becomes a class-name ([class.name]) within its scope.
An object of a class consists of a (possibly empty) sequence of members and base class objects.
class-key:
class
struct
union
A class declaration where the class-name in the class-head-name is a simple-template-id shall be an explicit specialization ([temp.expl.spec]) or a partial specialization ([temp.class.spec]).
A class-specifier whose class-head omits the class-head-name defines an unnamed class.
[Note
:
An unnamed class thus can't be final.
— end note
]
2
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A class-name is inserted into the scope in which it is declared immediately after the class-name is seen.
The class-name is also inserted into the scope of the class itself; this is known as the injected-class-name.
For purposes of access checking, the injected-class-name is treated as if it were a public member name.
A class-specifier is commonly referred to as a class definition.
A class is considered defined after the closing brace of its class-specifier has been seen even though its member functions are in general not yet defined.
The optional attribute-specifier-seq appertains to the class; the attributes in the attribute-specifier-seq are thereafter considered attributes of the class whenever it is named.
3
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If a class-head-name contains a nested-name-specifier, the class-specifier shall refer to a class that was previously declared directly in the class or namespace to which the nested-name-specifier refers, or in an element of the inline namespace set ([namespace.def]) of that namespace (i.e., not merely inherited or introduced by a using-declaration), and the class-specifier shall appear in a namespace enclosing the previous declaration.
In such cases, the nested-name-specifier of the class-head-name of the definition shall not begin with a decltype-specifier.
4
#
[Note
:
The class-key determines whether the class is a union ([class.union]) and whether access is public or private by default ([class.access]).
A union holds the value of at most one data member at a time.
— end note
]
5
#
If a class is marked with the class-virt-specifier final and it appears as a class-or-decltype in a base-clause, the program is ill-formed.
Whenever a class-key is followed by a class-head-name, the identifier final, and a colon or left brace, final is interpreted as a class-virt-specifier.
[Example
: 
struct A;
struct A final {};      // OK: definition of struct A,
                        // not value-initialization of variable final

struct X {
 struct C { constexpr operator int() { return 5; } };
 struct B final : C{};  // OK: definition of nested class B,
                        // not declaration of a bit-field member final
};
— end example
]
6
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[Note
:
Complete objects of class type have nonzero size.
Base class subobjects and members declared with the no_­unique_­address attribute ([dcl.attr.nouniqueaddr]) are not so constrained.
— end note
]
7
#
[Note
:
Class objects can be assigned ([over.ass], [class.copy.assign]), passed as arguments to functions ([dcl.init], [class.copy.ctor]), and returned by functions (except objects of classes for which copying or moving has been restricted; see [dcl.fct.def.delete] and [class.access]).
Other plausible operators, such as equality comparison, can be defined by the user; see [over.oper].
— end note
]