int f(int); int a = 2; int b = f(a); int c(b);— end example
X a();is not the declaration of an object of class X, but the declaration of a function taking no argument and returning an X.
int a; struct X { static int a; static int b; }; int X::a = 1; int X::b = a; // X::b = X::a— end example
struct A { int a; int&& r; }; int f(); int n = 10; A a1{1, f()}; // OK, lifetime is extended A a2(1, f()); // well-formed, but dangling reference A a3{1.0, 1}; // error: narrowing conversion A a4(1.0, 1); // well-formed, but dangling reference A a5(1.0, std::move(n)); // OK— end example
struct C { union { int a; const char* p; }; int x; } c = { .a = 1, .x = 3 };initializes c.a with 1 and c.x with 3. — end example
struct A { int x; struct B { int i; int j; } b; } a = { 1, { 2, 3 } };initializes a.x with 1, a.b.i with 2, a.b.j with 3.
struct base1 { int b1, b2 = 42; }; struct base2 { base2() { b3 = 42; } int b3; }; struct derived : base1, base2 { int d; }; derived d1{{1, 2}, {}, 4}; derived d2{{}, {}, 4};initializes d1.b1 with 1, d1.b2 with 2, d1.b3 with 42, d1.d with 4, and d2.b1 with 0, d2.b2 with 42, d2.b3 with 42, d2.d with 4. — end example
struct S { int a; const char* b; int c; int d = b[a]; }; S ss = { 1, "asdf" };initializes ss.a with 1, ss.b with "asdf", ss.c with the value of an expression of the form int{} (that is, 0), and ss.d with the value of ss.b[ss.a] (that is, 's'), and in
struct X { int i, j, k = 42; }; X a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }; X b[2] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };a and b have the same value
struct A { string a; int b = 42; int c = -1; };
int x[] = { 1, 3, 5 };declares and initializes x as a one-dimensional array that has three elements since no size was specified and there are three initializers.
struct S { int y[] = { 0 }; // error: non-static data member of incomplete type };— end example
struct A; extern A a; struct A { const A& a1 { A{a,a} }; // OK const A& a2 { A{} }; // error }; A a{a,a}; // OK struct B { int n = B{}.n; // error };— end example
struct S { } s; struct A { S s1; int i1; S s2; int i2; S s3; int i3; } a = { { }, // Required initialization 0, s, // Required initialization 0 }; // Initialization not required for A::s3 because A::i3 is also not initialized— end example
float y[4][3] = { { 1, 3, 5 }, { 2, 4, 6 }, { 3, 5, 7 }, };is a completely-braced initialization: 1, 3, and 5 initialize the first row of the array y[0], namely y[0][0], y[0][1], and y[0][2].
float y[4][3] = { 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 7 };
union u { int a; const char* b; }; u a = { 1 }; u b = a; u c = 1; // error u d = { 0, "asdf" }; // error u e = { "asdf" }; // error u f = { .b = "asdf" }; u g = { .a = 1, .b = "asdf" }; // error— end example
char msg[] = "Syntax error on line %s\n";shows a character array whose members are initialized with a string-literal.
int g(int) noexcept; void f() { int i; int& r = i; // r refers to i r = 1; // the value of i becomes 1 int* p = &r; // p points to i int& rr = r; // rr refers to what r refers to, that is, to i int (&rg)(int) = g; // rg refers to the function g rg(i); // calls function g int a[3]; int (&ra)[3] = a; // ra refers to the array a ra[1] = i; // modifies a[1] }— end example
int& r1; // error: initializer missing extern int& r2; // OK— end example
double d = 2.0; double& rd = d; // rd refers to d const double& rcd = d; // rcd refers to d struct A { }; struct B : A { operator int&(); } b; A& ra = b; // ra refers to A subobject in b const A& rca = b; // rca refers to A subobject in b int& ir = B(); // ir refers to the result of B::operator int&— end example
double& rd2 = 2.0; // error: not an lvalue and reference not const int i = 2; double& rd3 = i; // error: type mismatch and reference not const— end example
struct A { }; struct B : A { } b; extern B f(); const A& rca2 = f(); // bound to the A subobject of the B rvalue. A&& rra = f(); // same as above struct X { operator B(); operator int&(); } x; const A& r = x; // bound to the A subobject of the result of the conversion int i2 = 42; int&& rri = static_cast<int&&>(i2); // bound directly to i2 B&& rrb = x; // bound directly to the result of operator B— end example
struct Banana { }; struct Enigma { operator const Banana(); }; struct Alaska { operator Banana&(); }; void enigmatic() { typedef const Banana ConstBanana; Banana &&banana1 = ConstBanana(); // error Banana &&banana2 = Enigma(); // error Banana &&banana3 = Alaska(); // error } const double& rcd2 = 2; // rcd2 refers to temporary with value 2.0 double&& rrd = 2; // rrd refers to temporary with value 2.0 const volatile int cvi = 1; const int& r2 = cvi; // error: cv-qualifier dropped struct A { operator volatile int&(); } a; const int& r3 = a; // error: cv-qualifier dropped // from result of conversion function double d2 = 1.0; double&& rrd2 = d2; // error: initializer is lvalue of related type struct X { operator int&(); }; int&& rri2 = X(); // error: result of conversion function is lvalue of related type int i3 = 2; double&& rrd3 = i3; // rrd3 refers to temporary with value 2.0— end example
int a = {1}; std::complex<double> z{1,2}; new std::vector<std::string>{"once", "upon", "a", "time"}; // 4 string elements f( {"Nicholas","Annemarie"} ); // pass list of two elements return { "Norah" }; // return list of one element int* e {}; // initialization to zero / null pointer x = double{1}; // explicitly construct a double std::map<std::string,int> anim = { {"bear",4}, {"cassowary",2}, {"tiger",7} };— end example
struct A { int x; int y; int z; }; A a{.y = 2, .x = 1}; // error: designator order does not match declaration order A b{.x = 1, .z = 2}; // OK, b.y initialized to 0— end example
double ad[] = { 1, 2.0 }; // OK int ai[] = { 1, 2.0 }; // error: narrowing struct S2 { int m1; double m2, m3; }; S2 s21 = { 1, 2, 3.0 }; // OK S2 s22 { 1.0, 2, 3 }; // error: narrowing S2 s23 { }; // OK: default to 0,0,0— end example
struct S { S(std::initializer_list<double>); // #1 S(std::initializer_list<int>); // #2 S(); // #3 // ... }; S s1 = { 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 }; // invoke #1 S s2 = { 1, 2, 3 }; // invoke #2 S s3 = { }; // invoke #3— end example
struct Map { Map(std::initializer_list<std::pair<std::string,int>>); }; Map ship = {{"Sophie",14}, {"Surprise",28}};— end example
struct S { // no initializer-list constructors S(int, double, double); // #1 S(); // #2 // ... }; S s1 = { 1, 2, 3.0 }; // OK: invoke #1 S s2 { 1.0, 2, 3 }; // error: narrowing S s3 { }; // OK: invoke #2— end example
enum byte : unsigned char { }; byte b { 42 }; // OK byte c = { 42 }; // error byte d = byte{ 42 }; // OK; same value as b byte e { -1 }; // error struct A { byte b; }; A a1 = { { 42 } }; // error A a2 = { byte{ 42 } }; // OK void f(byte); f({ 42 }); // error enum class Handle : uint32_t { Invalid = 0 }; Handle h { 42 }; // OK— end example
int x1 {2}; // OK int x2 {2.0}; // error: narrowing— end example
struct S { S(std::initializer_list<double>); // #1 S(const std::string&); // #2 // ... }; const S& r1 = { 1, 2, 3.0 }; // OK: invoke #1 const S& r2 { "Spinach" }; // OK: invoke #2 S& r3 = { 1, 2, 3 }; // error: initializer is not an lvalue const int& i1 = { 1 }; // OK const int& i2 = { 1.1 }; // error: narrowing const int (&iar)[2] = { 1, 2 }; // OK: iar is bound to temporary array struct A { } a; struct B { explicit B(const A&); }; const B& b2{a}; // error: cannot copy-list-initialize B temporary from A— end example
int** pp {}; // initialized to null pointer— end example
struct A { int i; int j; }; A a1 { 1, 2 }; // aggregate initialization A a2 { 1.2 }; // error: narrowing struct B { B(std::initializer_list<int>); }; B b1 { 1, 2 }; // creates initializer_list<int> and calls constructor B b2 { 1, 2.0 }; // error: narrowing struct C { C(int i, double j); }; C c1 = { 1, 2.2 }; // calls constructor with arguments (1, 2.2) C c2 = { 1.1, 2 }; // error: narrowing int j { 1 }; // initialize to 1 int k { }; // initialize to 0— end example
struct X { X(std::initializer_list<double> v); }; X x{ 1,2,3 };
const double __a[3] = {double{1}, double{2}, double{3}}; X x(std::initializer_list<double>(__a, __a+3));assuming that the implementation can construct an initializer_list object with a pair of pointers.
typedef std::complex<double> cmplx; std::vector<cmplx> v1 = { 1, 2, 3 }; void f() { std::vector<cmplx> v2{ 1, 2, 3 }; std::initializer_list<int> i3 = { 1, 2, 3 }; } struct A { std::initializer_list<int> i4; A() : i4{ 1, 2, 3 } {} // ill-formed, would create a dangling reference };
int x = 999; // x is not a constant expression const int y = 999; const int z = 99; char c1 = x; // OK, though it might narrow (in this case, it does narrow) char c2{x}; // error: might narrow char c3{y}; // error: narrows (assuming char is 8 bits) char c4{z}; // OK: no narrowing needed unsigned char uc1 = {5}; // OK: no narrowing needed unsigned char uc2 = {-1}; // error: narrows unsigned int ui1 = {-1}; // error: narrows signed int si1 = { (unsigned int)-1 }; // error: narrows int ii = {2.0}; // error: narrows float f1 { x }; // error: might narrow float f2 { 7 }; // OK: 7 can be exactly represented as a float bool b = {"meow"}; // error: narrows int f(int); int a[] = { 2, f(2), f(2.0) }; // OK: the double-to-int conversion is not at the top level— end example