11 Classes [class]

11.4 Class members [class.mem]

11.4.4 Constructors [class.ctor]

1
#
A constructor is introduced by a declaration whose declarator is a function declarator ([dcl.fct]) of the form
ptr-declarator ( parameter-declaration-clause ) noexcept-specifier attribute-specifier-seq
where the ptr-declarator consists solely of an id-expression, an optional attribute-specifier-seq, and optional surrounding parentheses, and the id-expression has one of the following forms:
Constructors do not have names.
In a constructor declaration, each decl-specifier in the optional decl-specifier-seq shall be friend, inline, constexpr, or an explicit-specifier.
[Example
: 
struct S {
  S();              // declares the constructor
};

S::S() { }          // defines the constructor
— end example
]
2
#
A constructor is used to initialize objects of its class type.
Because constructors do not have names, they are never found during name lookup; however an explicit type conversion using the functional notation ([expr.type.conv]) will cause a constructor to be called to initialize an object.
[Note
:
The syntax looks like an explicit call of the constructor.
— end note
]
[Example
: 
complex zz = complex(1,2.3);
cprint( complex(7.8,1.2) );
— end example
]
[Note
:
For initialization of objects of class type see [class.init].
— end note
]
3
#
An object created in this way is unnamed.
[Note
:
[class.temporary] describes the lifetime of temporary objects.
— end note
]
[Note
:
Explicit constructor calls do not yield lvalues, see [basic.lval].
— end note
]
4
#
[Note
:
Some language constructs have special semantics when used during construction; see [class.base.init] and [class.cdtor].
— end note
]
5
#
A constructor can be invoked for a const, volatile or const volatile object.
const and volatile semantics ([dcl.type.cv]) are not applied on an object under construction.
They come into effect when the constructor for the most derived object ([intro.object]) ends.
6
#
A return statement in the body of a constructor shall not specify a return value.
The address of a constructor shall not be taken.
7
#
A constructor shall not be a coroutine.

11.4.4.1 Default constructors [class.default.ctor]

1
#
A default constructor for a class X is a constructor of class X for which each parameter that is not a function parameter pack has a default argument (including the case of a constructor with no parameters).
If there is no user-declared constructor for class X, a non-explicit constructor having no parameters is implicitly declared as defaulted ([dcl.fct.def]).
An implicitly-declared default constructor is an inline public member of its class.
2
#
A defaulted default constructor for class X is defined as deleted if:
  • (2.1)
    X is a union that has a variant member with a non-trivial default constructor and no variant member of X has a default member initializer,
  • (2.2)
    X is a non-union class that has a variant member M with a non-trivial default constructor and no variant member of the anonymous union containing M has a default member initializer,
  • (2.3)
    any non-static data member with no default member initializer ([class.mem]) is of reference type,
  • (2.4)
    any non-variant non-static data member of const-qualified type (or array thereof) with no brace-or-equal-initializer is not const-default-constructible ([dcl.init]),
  • (2.5)
    X is a union and all of its variant members are of const-qualified type (or array thereof),
  • (2.6)
    X is a non-union class and all members of any anonymous union member are of const-qualified type (or array thereof),
  • (2.7)
    any potentially constructed subobject, except for a non-static data member with a brace-or-equal-initializer, has class type M (or array thereof) and either M has no default constructor or overload resolution ([over.match]) as applied to find M's corresponding constructor results in an ambiguity or in a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted default constructor, or
  • (2.8)
    any potentially constructed subobject has a type with a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted default constructor.
3
#
A default constructor is trivial if it is not user-provided and if:
  • (3.1)
    its class has no virtual functions ([class.virtual]) and no virtual base classes ([class.mi]), and
  • (3.2)
    no non-static data member of its class has a default member initializer ([class.mem]), and
  • (3.3)
    all the direct base classes of its class have trivial default constructors, and
  • (3.4)
    for all the non-static data members of its class that are of class type (or array thereof), each such class has a trivial default constructor.
Otherwise, the default constructor is non-trivial.
4
#
A default constructor that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined when it is odr-used ([basic.def.odr]) to create an object of its class type ([intro.object]), when it is needed for constant evaluation ([expr.const]), or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration.
The implicitly-defined default constructor performs the set of initializations of the class that would be performed by a user-written default constructor for that class with no ctor-initializer and an empty compound-statement.
If that user-written default constructor would be ill-formed, the program is ill-formed.
If that user-written default constructor would satisfy the requirements of a constexpr constructor ([dcl.constexpr]), the implicitly-defined default constructor is constexpr.
Before the defaulted default constructor for a class is implicitly defined, all the non-user-provided default constructors for its base classes and its non-static data members are implicitly defined.
[Note
:
An implicitly-declared default constructor has an exception specification ([except.spec]).
An explicitly-defaulted definition might have an implicit exception specification, see [dcl.fct.def].
— end note
]
5
#
Default constructors are called implicitly to create class objects of static, thread, or automatic storage duration ([basic.stc.static], [basic.stc.thread], [basic.stc.auto]) defined without an initializer ([dcl.init]), are called to create class objects of dynamic storage duration ([basic.stc.dynamic]) created by a new-expression in which the new-initializer is omitted ([expr.new]), or are called when the explicit type conversion syntax ([expr.type.conv]) is used.
A program is ill-formed if the default constructor for an object is implicitly used and the constructor is not accessible ([class.access]).
6
#
[Note
:
[class.base.init] describes the order in which constructors for base classes and non-static data members are called and describes how arguments can be specified for the calls to these constructors.
— end note
]

11.4.4.2 Copy/move constructors [class.copy.ctor]

1
#
A non-template constructor for class X is a copy constructor if its first parameter is of type X&, const X&, volatile X& or const volatile X&, and either there are no other parameters or else all other parameters have default arguments ([dcl.fct.default]).
[Example
:
X​::​X(const X&) and X​::​X(X&,int=1) are copy constructors.
struct X {
  X(int);
  X(const X&, int = 1);
};
X a(1);             // calls X(int);
X b(a, 0);          // calls X(const X&, int);
X c = b;            // calls X(const X&, int);
— end example
]
2
#
A non-template constructor for class X is a move constructor if its first parameter is of type X&&, const X&&, volatile X&&, or const volatile X&&, and either there are no other parameters or else all other parameters have default arguments ([dcl.fct.default]).
[Example
:
Y​::​Y(Y&&) is a move constructor.
struct Y {
  Y(const Y&);
  Y(Y&&);
};
extern Y f(int);
Y d(f(1));          // calls Y(Y&&)
Y e = d;            // calls Y(const Y&)
— end example
]
3
#
[Note
:
All forms of copy/move constructor may be declared for a class.
[Example
: 
struct X {
  X(const X&);
  X(X&);            // OK
  X(X&&);
  X(const X&&);     // OK, but possibly not sensible
};
— end example
]
— end note
]
4
#
[Note
:
If a class X only has a copy constructor with a parameter of type X&, an initializer of type const X or volatile X cannot initialize an object of type cv X.
[Example
: 
struct X {
  X();              // default constructor
  X(X&);            // copy constructor with a non-const parameter
};
const X cx;
X x = cx;           // error: X​::​X(X&) cannot copy cx into x
— end example
]
— end note
]
5
#
A declaration of a constructor for a class X is ill-formed if its first parameter is of type cv X and either there are no other parameters or else all other parameters have default arguments.
A member function template is never instantiated to produce such a constructor signature.
[Example
: 
struct S {
  template<typename T> S(T);
  S();
};

S g;

void h() {
  S a(g);           // does not instantiate the member template to produce S​::​S<S>(S);
                    // uses the implicitly declared copy constructor
}
— end example
]
6
#
If the class definition does not explicitly declare a copy constructor, a non-explicit one is declared implicitly.
If the class definition declares a move constructor or move assignment operator, the implicitly declared copy constructor is defined as deleted; otherwise, it is defined as defaulted ([dcl.fct.def]).
The latter case is deprecated if the class has a user-declared copy assignment operator or a user-declared destructor ([depr.impldec]).
7
#
The implicitly-declared copy constructor for a class X will have the form 
X::X(const X&)
if each potentially constructed subobject of a class type M (or array thereof) has a copy constructor whose first parameter is of type const M& or const volatile M&.103
Otherwise, the implicitly-declared copy constructor will have the form 
X::X(X&)
8
#
If the definition of a class X does not explicitly declare a move constructor, a non-explicit one will be implicitly declared as defaulted if and only if
  • (8.1)
    X does not have a user-declared copy constructor,
  • (8.2)
    X does not have a user-declared copy assignment operator,
  • (8.3)
    X does not have a user-declared move assignment operator, and
  • (8.4)
    X does not have a user-declared destructor.
[Note
:
When the move constructor is not implicitly declared or explicitly supplied, expressions that otherwise would have invoked the move constructor may instead invoke a copy constructor.
— end note
]
9
#
The implicitly-declared move constructor for class X will have the form 
X::X(X&&)
10
#
An implicitly-declared copy/move constructor is an inline public member of its class.
A defaulted copy/​move constructor for a class X is defined as deleted ([dcl.fct.def.delete]) if X has:
  • (10.1)
    a potentially constructed subobject type M (or array thereof) that cannot be copied/moved because overload resolution ([over.match]), as applied to find M's corresponding constructor, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted constructor,
  • (10.2)
    a variant member whose corresponding constructor as selected by overload resolution is non-trivial,
  • (10.3)
    any potentially constructed subobject of a type with a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted constructor, or,
  • (10.4)
    for the copy constructor, a non-static data member of rvalue reference type.
[Note
:
A defaulted move constructor that is defined as deleted is ignored by overload resolution ([over.match], [over.over]).
Such a constructor would otherwise interfere with initialization from an rvalue which can use the copy constructor instead.
— end note
]
11
#
A copy/move constructor for class X is trivial if it is not user-provided and if:
  • (11.1)
    class X has no virtual functions ([class.virtual]) and no virtual base classes ([class.mi]), and
  • (11.2)
    the constructor selected to copy/move each direct base class subobject is trivial, and
  • (11.3)
    for each non-static data member of X that is of class type (or array thereof), the constructor selected to copy/move that member is trivial;
otherwise the copy/move constructor is non-trivial.
12
#
A copy/move constructor that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined when it is odr-used ([basic.def.odr]), when it is needed for constant evaluation ([expr.const]), or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration.
[Note
:
The copy/move constructor is implicitly defined even if the implementation elided its odr-use ([basic.def.odr], [class.temporary]).
— end note
]
If the implicitly-defined constructor would satisfy the requirements of a constexpr constructor ([dcl.constexpr]), the implicitly-defined constructor is constexpr.
13
#
Before the defaulted copy/move constructor for a class is implicitly defined, all non-user-provided copy/move constructors for its potentially constructed subobjects are implicitly defined.
[Note
:
An implicitly-declared copy/move constructor has an implied exception specification ([except.spec]).
— end note
]
14
#
The implicitly-defined copy/move constructor for a non-union class X performs a memberwise copy/move of its bases and members.
[Note
:
Default member initializers of non-static data members are ignored.
See also the example in [class.base.init].
— end note
]
The order of initialization is the same as the order of initialization of bases and members in a user-defined constructor (see [class.base.init]).
Let x be either the parameter of the constructor or, for the move constructor, an xvalue referring to the parameter.
Each base or non-static data member is copied/moved in the manner appropriate to its type:
  • (14.1)
    if the member is an array, each element is direct-initialized with the corresponding subobject of x;
  • (14.2)
    if a member m has rvalue reference type T&&, it is direct-initialized with static_­cast<T&&>(x.m);
  • (14.3)
    otherwise, the base or member is direct-initialized with the corresponding base or member of x.
Virtual base class subobjects shall be initialized only once by the implicitly-defined copy/move constructor (see [class.base.init]).
15
#
The implicitly-defined copy/move constructor for a union X copies the object representation ([basic.types]) of X.
For each object nested within ([intro.object]) the object that is the source of the copy, a corresponding object o nested within the destination is identified (if the object is a subobject) or created (otherwise), and the lifetime of o begins before the copy is performed.
103)
This implies that the reference parameter of the implicitly-declared copy constructor cannot bind to a volatile lvalue; see [class]: classes'>[diff.class].
⮥